The pineal gland, situated within the hypothalamus, secretes melatonin, a hormone that governs the circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. Multiple types of tissues include melatonin receptors, notably melatonin receptor 1 and melatonin receptor 2, which have an impact body weight and energy expenditure. Melatonin, which is generated from tryptophan, shows a rise during the night that helps with sleep and has antioxidant effects. It affects the synthesis of glucagon and insulin via interacting with insulin receptors in pancreatic tissues. Research indicates that melatonin performs a crucial part in the control of blood sugar levels, and a lack of melatonin is linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes. One aspect of melatonin's effect on diabetes is its capacity to protect against oxidative damage. Another factor to consider is its possible contribution to the onset of diabetes and the disruption of circadian insulin control. Diabetes patients see a notable reduction in melatonin levels in their blood, highlighting the importance of melatonin in the progression of diabetes.